This is the area of the wiki where you can ask for help on certain topics, areas within topics and individual questions. Remember, this is a collaborative page so if someone posts a question and you know the answer, please help them out. This page will also be an area where your teacher may post some guidance.

Drumlins are streamlined mounds of unsorted till which are often found in swarms. They are thought to have been formed by glaciers depositing till underneath the ice, with the resultant friction of moving ice dragging the till into elongated egg shaped hills. The drumlin has a steep stoss side and a gentle lee side, with the stoss side facing the direction of ice flow. Glasgow is built on a series of drumlins.

Eskers are fluvoglacial features i.e. formed by glacial meltwater. When glaciers melt, much of the meltwater flows in subglacial tunnels beneath the ice. Like the action of deposition in rivers, material which is being carried by the meltwater is deposited, but unlike till, the deposits are sorted- heaviest materials will be dropped first. When the glacier has melted, long winding ridges of stratified sands and gravels running parallel to the valley sides can be found on the valley floors.

Roche moutonnee are not features of deposition, but are eroded. They are found on glaciated valley floors and are made of resistant rocks which have eroded with less ease than the surrounding valley. The glacier will move over and round the resistant rock, leaving a gentle abraded slope facing the direction of the ice movement. There is often still visual evidence of glaciation here as some roche moutonnees show striations, scratches on the rock caused by the stones embedded in the glacial ice. As the glacier moves away from the resistant rock, it will pluck at the rock surface leaving a steeper jagged slope facing away from the ice flow.

Sorry about the time here, been out all day. I'll try to direct you to some resources which are specific to the case study which are already on the blog, and give you a brief run through measures to deal with conflicts/effectiveness of them. Check back in around twenty minutes while I search out the links (9.40 just now)

OK, noticed that the link to the Cairngorms tour is dead, so here are a couple of areas with some specific conflicts. Sorry its a lot later (as its a lot longer) than I thought:-

Laggan
Depopulation continuing as farming has become more mechanised and fewer jobs are available. There is also a lack of affordable housing due to holiday homes and 'new' settlers e.g.retirees from England. The surrounding area has been renamed 'Monarch Country' by the local tourist board. The dependence on tourism increases while traditional occupations decline.(tourists v locals)

Cairngorm Funicular railway
This is the heart of Scotland's ski industry, close to Coire Cas and Coire na Ciste. The funicular railway was approved in 1997 to replace the outdated chairlifts.Environmentalists have strongly opposed the development, arguing that the fragile environment on the Cairngorms Plateau would be irreversibly damaged by increased visitor numbers. Scottish Natural Heritage campaigned successfully to have restrictions put on visitor movements at the top station.(Conservation v recreation/tourism)

Other conflicts, some general to other Landscapes as well:-
Farmers v tourists (large number of visitors=crop damage, dogs upsetting farm animals, leaving gates open, litter etc)

Conflicts with National Park Authority:-
Farmers object to rules which may prevent new buildings/cheap building/diversification
Forestry companies who are refused permission to extend forests or are restricted to planting mixed species in random patterns
New roads etc often restricted by nat park rules-some locals may believe that this discourages industry and causes unemployment

Other environmental conflicts:-
Honeypots-traffic congestion, overcrowding, pollution (noise and air)
Water conflicts-water companies (reservoirs)and visitors who fish/swim in area, watersports conflicting with other loch users, those attracted by peace and quiet,
Tourism/recreation v conservation-footpath erosion-the Cairngorms also has a variety of rare plants and animals as a result of its tundra like climate, some of which are affected by increased visitor pressure

There are more, the Applications textbook is quite good on this if you want to pick a copy up in the morning (I know this is cutting it fine!)

Some solutions to conflicts and their effectiveness:-
National parks

• Planning permission to restrict/prevent new developments which create conflicts
• An example of this might be using local stone for new farm buildings to preserve traditional character of an area
• National Park rules e.g. keeping to allocated footpaths, taking litter home etc

• NPs sometimes encourage honeypot locations with car parks, info centres as a way of discouraging visits to more fragile areas
• On the other hand, they can signpots alternative attractions to disourage problems such as traffic congestion etc in a particular area
• Zoning activities to allow park area to be used by all interested parties without coming into conflict with each other
• Park rangers

Car parks can be built outside honeypot locations
They can be screened
One way systems and pedestrianinsed streets can be built
More public transport and cycle lanes

Fencing off areas
Footpath construction
Allocation of speciified number of housing to locals (there was an article about this in relation to the cairngorms recently-I'll try to find)
Farmers can recieve grants etc to practice environmentally sensitive activities
Look at notes on other Government measures for protecting landcsapes e.g. ESA's, AONB's etc
Look at example of Scottish natural heritage for the Funicular-a good example of a success

Some problems:-
Hopefully, when discussing the conflicts, I've shown that the National Park, by restricting developments can create as many cnflicts as it resolves at times.You can discuss some of these here.
Also, by signposting alternative attractions, you can create similar 'honeypot' problems elselswhere
By restricting the building of new roads, NPs can actually add to problems of traffic congestion with increased visitor numbers.

There are probably some things that I'm forgetting, but hopefully this gives you a help-lots of negatives re effectiveness, but remember to balance this with some reference to successes

A, I take it you have looked at the bitesize page-Use the inputs, processes etc sheet that I gave out to help fill in the blanks, If you need more help, come up tomorrow morning
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/higher/geography/human/rural2_rev.shtml

I've also got an unfinished mind map here, but you'll need to download freemind
http://www.archive.org/download/Extensive_Commercial_Agriculture_Mind_map/ExtensiveCommercialFarming.mm

For freemind, download this
http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page

"The diagram shows that there are differences in the provision of safe water and sanitation between urban and rural areas in the developing world.

Describe and suggest reasons for these differences, with reference to areas of the developing world you have studyied"

Obvioulsy I cant type the diagram but it basically showed that in urban areas there was a greater percentage of people with safe water and greater sanitation and less in rural areas. As i say if its not in the course any more and there is no chance it will come up then there is no need to give any advice about it but if it will come up help would be appreciated.

There was also a few more (sorry exam nerves and all) from Development and health

From the 2002 paper:

"With reference to countries of the developing world with which you are familar with describe and suggest reasons for the difference in the provision of social services between urban and rural areas" (5)

I think its similar to the above question but just worth less marks and has more things to deal with

Thats it for now (I promise!) any help would be great. Thanks =D

No worries, this COULD still come up, and we did a little in class from the little Development and Health booklet, which you're welcome to pick up tomorrow. Here's some general pointers:-

For social, think social indicators-health, education etc

Rural areas are far less likely to have access to clean water and sanitation, health and education facilities.
Some reasons could be as follows-
Urban areas have greater population density, easier to provide clean water/sanitation within smaller area.The exception to this is in shanty towns(often not legal settlements). Rural areas are often remote and population is scattered (think of Brazil case study)and therefore difficult to provide for.This means that community water supplies, such as small rivers and streams can often become contaminated and lead to a variety of water borne diseases such as cholera.
In terms of health, poor villages relying on agricultural economy cannot afford medicines, doctors, hospitals etc, and even primary healthcare is sometimes problematic-part time farmers with poor education will concentrate on their livelihoods.
Because of this, disease is difficult to control in rural areas, where it is more likely.
Rural areas are less likely to have access to education for many of the same reasons-isolation and poverty make it difficult to support trained education staff and schools. I also think you could mention that there may be a political aspect to this. Governments in poorer countries may spend money on services in urban areas as this is where the majority of voting population will live.
Think this is enough.Sorry it's so late.

Could i please get a little bit of help with features of a river eg meanders ect? any help would be great thanks =D

River features- Upper Course-V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls,gorges, rapids, potholes etc.Lots of tributaries in upland areas near the source (confluences?). You need to know about the different types of erosion- abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition-as erosion is at its greatest in this fastest flowing river section (due to the steep gradient). Bedload will be large and angular and probably moved by traction or saltation as the load will be too heavy to be carried in the main current. The river is eroding vertically (downcutting) at this part of its course.
Middle course- The river is flowing over a gentler gradient, so begins to pick the path of least resistance. Becomes more sinuous (winding. Main feauture is a meander. Uneven deposition on the river bed leads to the formation of pools and riffles(shallows). The river flow is altered,and one river bank is attacked by the flow (hydraulic action, abrasion). This leads to undercutting of the river bank (vertical erosion)on one side forming a river cliff, whereas the flow is slower on the inside of a river bend, leading to the river depositing some of the material it has been carrying (slip-off slope forms). Meander becomes more pronounced over time. You should use diagrams here, and also include a cross section if possible showing the helicoidal flow of water within the meander. Other feature of the middle course- development of a flood plain, some braiding, river still has enough power to erode in this course, but starts to deposit some material as the river loses speed. Material moved by saltation and suspension.
Lower course, River flows over a mostly flat landscape and therefore is very slow, most features are those of deposition. Meanders become large and more pronounced, sometimes being eroded through to form ox-bow lakes. Wide, flat flood plain and deposition where rivers enter seas or lakes, forming deltas. These deltas have many river channels splitting the river flow (ditributaries. Sometimes when rivers flood, they leave sorted deposits at the rivers bank, leading to raised river banks and a river bed which is actually above the level of the flood plain. The raised banks are called levees. In rejuvenated rivers, terraces are found where the river is given renewed energy and begins to downcut into the old flood plain. Sometimes, this can also see the formation of incised meanders, just like a normal meander except with steep sides as the river agin cuts into the landscape.
If there is anything you want me to expand on, just let me know.
Andrew D, I haven't forgotten about the past paper, if you give me an hour or so, I'll post some pointers for you.I'll be in tomorrow from about ten past eight as well if anyone has any questions.
Ok, Andrew, here's feedback on the first part of your past paper, Rural land Resources 2005- I gave you 19/25
1 a)

• Make more of the proximity to urban areas-name a few major cities
• You mentioned the Peak district having a better catchment area than the other NP's, and compared it to the Broads, this was good
• You should have mentioned that certain parks have stunning scenery which attracts more visitors-the Lake District, for example has so many visitors bcause of the excellent range of glacial scenery (give examples?), whereas Parks such as Nortumberland and the broads, although still beutiful wild areas, may not have the same scenic attracttion.
• What about the range of attractions-what do people visit certain NP's for?

b)(i)

• You talked about impact on local businesses, but could have explained the multiplier effect
• What about improved local services, e.g. better bus services etc
• Same for local amenities e.g better roads, community buildings etc
• Boost for local arts and crafts
• What about negative impacts? Increased property prices forcing locals out of market, leading to de-population, second homes and the impact they have on local services and comunities?

b)(ii)

• Very good, all I would have added would have been closing some areas off at peak time and signposting alternative attractions

c)

• Mention joints and bedding planes before you talk about glaciers scraping soil from rock. it makes it much easier to then talk about limestone being dissolved by rain and carried away in solution. State here as well that limestone's structure means it is permeable
• Swallow holes formed by rivers flowing onto limestone and dissolving the spaces between the joints and bedding planes to flow underground
• Caves formed underground where joints and bedding planes are closer together
• What about mentioning gorges after cavern formation
• as Gordale Scar is a Gorge
• Scars are cliffs in a limestone area within a U-shaped valley which have been scraped of soil covering and weathered
• You can then talk about scree

Development and Health from the same year-Very good answers 23.5/25!
Pointers for a)(ii) are all you need here:

• Brazil's flat coastal plains make it easy to build and has lead to excellent transport infrastructure also
• Talk about 'Golden Triangle' of Industrial cities-Rio, Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte
• North East is resource poor, I think you meant to talk about the North (Amazon) having a lot of resources-proble here is its very difficult to access them and makes extraction costly
• Talk about poor soils in Amazonia, prone to rapid leaching when cleared, as a comparison to rich fertile soils in South East.These have allowed the creation of large plantations e.g coffee

Hope this is OK. I know you had another paper too. I'll try to have a look.

OK, here it is, 2005 specimen, RLR Coasts

21/25, but some bits need a little work...

a) I liked the fact that you talk about concordant/discordant coasts, but chalk is a hard rock, not soft in this example (chalk/clay for differential erosion, clay being the soft rock which erodes much faster)

You never spoke about either the blowhole in the diagram, or slumping. The rest of your features were well explained, but you need to use clearer diagrams

b) Again, you speak about tourism creating jobs, so mention the multiplier effect.
Also, mixed up with case studies-South west Coast path, not the Penninie Way :-s

c) Poole is not the biggest toursit resort in Dorset, it's Bournemouth
You say locals may lose services as a result of increased tourism-What services? Will they also not gain some?
You say that tourists may kill rare plants and animals inadvertantly on footpaths. I might be wrong here, but I think saying plants would be enough, unless you rephrase this.
Rather than saying places are cornered off, say they are zoned
Limestone chips for a limestone area, would coastal areas such as Dorset use these?

Hope you get this, sorry it's late, had some other things to deal with before I could write this up

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